================================================================================ hukum.live - STATUTORY LAWS & REGULATIONS LOOKUP ================================================================================ INQUIRY / PERTANYAAN: Article 1320 CATEGORY / BIDANG HUKUM: Corporate & Investment TARGET COMPARISON LANGUAGE: English DATE / TANGGAL: 06 November 2026, 01:06 WIB PERMANENT URL: https://hukum.live/laws/lookup/article-1320-4/ ================================================================================ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. ANALISIS HUKUM & PASAL TERKAIT (BAHASA INDONESIA) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ### ANALISIS HUKUM & PASAL TERKAIT (BAHASA INDONESIA) #### 1. Dasar Hukum Positif: Pasal 1320 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPerdata) Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata menetapkan empat syarat kumulatif yang wajib dipenuhi agar suatu perjanjian memiliki kekuatan hukum yang sah dan mengikat para pihak: > **Bunyi Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata:** > *"Supaya terjadi persetujuan yang sah, perlu dipenuhi empat syarat:* > 1. *kesepakatan mereka yang mengikatkan dirinya;* > 2. *kecakapan untuk membuat suatu perikatan;* > 3. *suatu pokok persoalan tertentu;* > 4. *suatu sebab yang tidak terlarang."* --- #### 2. Dekonstruksi Doktriner & Unsur Yuridis Hukum perdata Indonesia membagi keempat syarat tersebut ke dalam dua kategori yuridis: ##### A. Syarat Subjektif (Mengenai Subjek Hukum yang Membuat Perjanjian) * **Angka 1: Kesepakatan Para Pihak (*Consensus / Toestemming*)** * Merupakan asas konsensualisme (*Pasal 1338 ayat (1) jo. Pasal 1320 angka 1 KUHPerdata*). Para pihak harus menyatakan kehendak yang bebas tanpa adanya cacat kehendak (*wilsgebreken*). * Berdasarkan **Pasal 1321 KUHPerdata**, kesepakatan menjadi tidak sah apabila diberikan karena: 1. Kekhilafan / kesesatan (*dwaling*); 2. Paksaan (*dwang*); atau 3. Penipuan (*bedrog*). *(Catatan: Doktrin dan yurisprudensi modern juga mengakui penyalahgunaan keadaan / *misbruik van omstandigheden*).* * **Angka 2: Kecakapan Bertindak (*Bekwaamheid*)** * Setiap subjek hukum dianggap cakap kecuali dinyatakan tidak cakap oleh undang-undang. * Berdasarkan **Pasal 1330 KUHPerdata**, pihak yang tidak cakap membuat perjanjian adalah: 1. Orang yang belum dewasa (merujuk pada Pasal 330 KUHPerdata jo. Putusan MA No. 477 K/Sip/1983 / UU Perkawinan No. 1/1974 jo. UU No. 16/2019 yang menetapkan batas kedewasaan 19 tahun, atau 21 tahun menurut KUHPerdata asli); 2. Orang yang berada di bawah pengampuan (*curatele/onder curatelenstelling*); 3. Perempuan bersuami (ketentuan ini telah dicabut/tidak berlaku berdasarkan Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung No. 3 Tahun 1963 dan Pasal 31 UU No. 1/1974). ##### B. Syarat Objektif (Mengenai Objek dan Isi Perjanjian) * **Angka 3: Suatu Pokok Persoalan Tertentu (*Bepaalde Onderwerp*)** * Objek perjanjian harus dapat ditentukan jenisnya dan jumlahnya dapat dihitung di kemudian hari (*Pasal 1332 dan Pasal 1333 KUHPerdata*). * Hanya barang-barang yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis dan dapat diperdagangkan yang dapat menjadi pokok perjanjian. * **Angka 4: Sebab yang Tidak Terlarang / Kausa yang Halal (*Geoorloofde Oorzaak*)** * Yang dimaksud dengan "sebab" (*causa*) bukanlah motif subjektif para pihak, melainkan tujuan objektif atau isi prestasi dari perjanjian tersebut. * Berdasarkan **Pasal 1335 jo. Pasal 1337 KUHPerdata**, suatu perjanjian tidak mempunyai kekuatan jika dibuat tanpa kausa, dibuat berdasarkan kausa palsu, atau kausanya bertentangan dengan: 1. Undang-undang yang bersifat memaksa (*dwingend recht*); 2. Ketertiban umum (*openbare orde*); atau 3. Kesusilaan (*goede zeden*). --- #### 3. Akibat Hukum Ketidakpatuhan (*Legal Consequences*) Perbedaan kualifikasi antara syarat subjektif dan objektif menimbulkan konsekuensi hukum yang mutlak berbeda: | Kategori Syarat | Ketentuan Terlanggar | Akibat Yuridis | Mekanisme Penyelesaian | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | **Syarat Subjektif** | Angka 1 (Kesepakatan) atau Angka 2 (Kecakapan) | **Dapat Dibatalkan (*Voidable / Vernietigbaar*)** | Perjanjian tetap sah dan mengikat sampai salah satu pihak yang dirugikan atau wali/pengampu mengajukan gugatan pembatalan ke Pengadilan Negeri (*Pasal 1454 KUHPerdata*). | | **Syarat Objektif** | Angka 3 (Objek Tertentu) atau Angka 4 (Kausa Halal) | **Batal Demi Hukum (*Null and Void ab initio / Nietig*)** | Perjanjian dianggap tidak pernah ada sejak awal (*verval van rechtswege*). Tidak ada hak dan kewajiban yang lahir, dan pengadilan hanya menyatakan status kebatalannya (*deklaratif*). | --- #### 4. Panduan Mitigasi dan Kepatuhan Praktis Kontrak 1. **Verifikasi Legalitas & Wewenang Subjek Hukum (*Due Diligence*):** * Untuk perorangan: Verifikasi usia sah (KTP/Paspor) dan pastikan tidak sedang dinyatakan pailit atau di bawah pengampuan. * Untuk badan hukum (PT): Periksa Anggaran Dasar terakhir, persetujuan RUPS/Dewan Komisaris, serta kewenangan direksi yang menandatangani berdasarkan UU No. 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas. 2. **Klausul Presital & Definisi Objek yang Eksplisit:** * Uraikan secara komprehensif spesifikasi teknis, kuantitas, ruang lingkup kerja (*scope of work*), dan hak penyerahan objek perjanjian untuk mencegah dalil kekhilafan objek (*error in substantia*). 3. **Kepatuhan Ketertiban Umum & Peraturan Khusus:** * Pastikan substansi transaksi tidak melanggar ketentuan pidana, peraturan valuta asing (UU Mata Uang No. 7/2011 jika transaksi domestik), perpajakan, atau ketentuan anti-monopoli. * Gunakan bahasa Indonesia dalam perjanjian komersial yang melibatkan pihak Indonesia sesuai kewajiban Pasal 31 UU No. 24 Tahun 2009 jo. Perpres No. 63 Tahun 2019. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. PARALLEL STATUTORY ANALYSIS & TRANSLATION (ENGLISH) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ### LEGAL ANALYSIS & STATUTORY PROVISIONS (ENGLISH) #### 1. Statutory Foundation: Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code (*Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata* / Burgerlijk Wetboek) establishes the four cumulative, mandatory statutory requirements that must be met for a contract to be legally valid, binding, and enforceable: > **Text of Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code:** > *"In order to be valid, an agreement must satisfy four conditions:* > 1. *The consent of the parties who bind themselves;* > 2. *The legal capacity to contract;* > 3. *A specific subject matter;* > 4. *A lawful cause."* --- #### 2. Doctrinal Deconstruction & Legal Elements Indonesian civil law divides these four statutory requirements into two distinct legal classifications: ##### A. Subjective Requirements (Relating to the Contracting Parties) * **Item 1: Mutual Consent (*Consensus ad Idem / Toestemming*)** * Reflects the principle of consensualism (*Article 1338, Paragraph (1) in conjunction with Article 1320, Item 1 of the Civil Code*). Parties must manifest free will, devoid of any legal defect of will (*wilsgebreken*). * Pursuant to **Article 1321 of the Indonesian Civil Code**, consent is legally defective and invalid if granted due to: 1. Mistake / Error (*dwaling*); 2. Duress / Coercion (*dwang*); or 3. Fraud / Deceit (*bedrog*). *(Note: Contemporary Indonesian jurisprudence also recognizes undue influence / abuse of circumstances / *misbruik van omstandigheden*).* * **Item 2: Legal Capacity to Contract (*Bekwaamheid*)** * Every natural and legal person is presumed competent to execute contracts unless declared legally incompetent by law. * Pursuant to **Article 1330 of the Indonesian Civil Code**, the following persons lack legal capacity to contract: 1. Minors (governed by Article 330 of the Civil Code in conjunction with Supreme Court Decision No. 477 K/Sip/1983 and Law No. 1/1974 as amended by Law No. 16/2019, which generally benchmark legal majority at 19 years old, or 21 under traditional Civil Code doctrine); 2. Individuals placed under conservatorship/guardianship (*curatele / curatela*); 3. Married women (this restriction was nullified and rendered obsolete by Supreme Court Circular Letter No. 3 of 1963 and Article 31 of Marriage Law No. 1/1974). ##### B. Objective Requirements (Relating to the Subject Matter and Substance of the Contract) * **Item 3: A Specific / Determinable Subject Matter (*Bepaalde Onderwerp*)** * The subject matter of the obligation must be determinable as to its kind/type, and its quantity must be calculable at a later stage (*Articles 1332 and 1333 of the Indonesian Civil Code*). * Only assets, services, and rights that hold economic value and can be lawfully traded in commerce can constitute the object of a contract. * **Item 4: A Lawful Cause (*Geoorloofde Oorzaak*)** * In civil law doctrine, "cause" (*causa*) refers not to subjective personal motives, but to the objective legal purpose or underlying consideration and substance of the transaction. * Under **Article 1335 in conjunction with Article 1337 of the Indonesian Civil Code**, an agreement is legally ineffective if concluded without a cause, based on a false/simulated cause, or if the underlying cause violates: 1. Mandatory laws (*dwingend recht*); 2. Public order (*openbare orde*); or 3. Good morals / public decency (*goede zeden*). --- #### 3. Legal Consequences of Non-Compliance Failure to satisfy the subjective versus objective requirements produces fundamentally divergent legal sanctions: | Classification | Statutory Violation | Legal Sanction / Status | Remedial Mechanism | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | **Subjective Requirements** | Item 1 (Consent) or Item 2 (Legal Capacity) | **Voidable (*Dapat Dibatalkan / Vernietigbaar*)** | The contract remains valid, legally operative, and binding until an aggrieved party, legal guardian, or conservator petitions the District Court for judicial rescission (*Article 1454 Civil Code*). | | **Objective Requirements** | Item 3 (Specific Object) or Item 4 (Lawful Cause) | **Null and Void *Ab Initio* (*Batal Demi Hukum / Nietig*)** | The contract is deemed never to have legally existed from its inception. No rights or obligations ever arise, and a court order simply issues a declaratory ruling confirming its non-existence. | --- #### 4. Practical Legal Compliance & Contract Drafting Guidelines 1. **Due Diligence on Legal Capacity & Corporate Authority:** * *Natural Persons:* Inspect government-issued identification (KTP/Passport) to verify age, and run bankruptcy and legal capacity checks. * *Corporate Entities:* Review the company’s Articles of Association, the latest Ministry of Law approval/acceptance, General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS) or Board of Commissioners approvals, and verify the signatory’s legal standing under Law No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies. 2. **Precision in Scope and Object Description:** * Draft precise recitals, technical specifications, metrics, payment schedules, and performance standards to eliminate ambiguity and prevent claims of fundamental mistake (*error in substantia*). 3. **Regulatory Compliance & Public Policy Safeguards:** * Ensure the contractual arrangement does not breach mandatory statutes, such as Law No. 7 of 2011 on Currency (mandatory use of Indonesian Rupiah for domestic settlements) or anti-monopoly laws. * For international contracts with Indonesian counterparties, execute a bilingual version or Indonesian version pursuant to Article 31 of Law No. 24 of 2009 and Presidential Regulation No. 63 of 2019 to prevent challenges to validity based on statutory language non-compliance. ================================================================================ Disclaimer: Generated by hukum.live for educational and statutory guidance purposes. ================================================================================