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hukum.live - STATUTORY LAWS & REGULATIONS LOOKUP
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INQUIRY / PERTANYAAN: Pasal 1365 KUHPdt
CATEGORY / BIDANG HUKUM: Corporate & Investment
TARGET COMPARISON LANGUAGE: English
DATE / TANGGAL: 06 November 2026, 17:42 WIB
PERMANENT URL: https://hukum.live/laws/lookup/pasal-1365-kuhpdt/
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1. ANALISIS HUKUM & PASAL TERKAIT (BAHASA INDONESIA)
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### ANALISIS HUKUM & PASAL TERKAIT (BAHASA INDONESIA)

#### 1. Teks Statuter Pasal 1365 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPerdata)
> *"Tiap perbuatan yang melanggar hukum dan membawa kerugian kepada orang lain, mewajibkan orang yang menimbulkan kerugian itu karena kesalahannya untuk menggantikan kerugian tersebut."*

#### 2. Unsur-Unsur Yuridis Perbuatan Melawan Hukum (PMH)
Guna membuktikan pertanggungjawaban perdata berdasarkan Pasal 1365 KUHPerdata (*onrechtmatige daad*), penggugat wajib membuktikan pemenuhan 5 (lima) unsur kumulatif berikut:

1. **Adanya Suatu Perbuatan (*Daad*)**
   * Meliputi tindakan aktif (berbuat sesuatu) maupun tindakan pasif (tidak berbuat sesuatu/kelalaian ketika terdapat kewajiban hukum untuk bertindak).
2. **Perbuatan Tersebut Bersifat Melawan Hukum (*Onrechtmatig*)**
   Berdasarkan doktrin hukum modern dan yurisprudensi tetap (merujuk pada *Arrest Hoge Raad 31 Januari 1919*), kriteria "melawan hukum" tidak lagi diartikan secara sempit hanya sebagai pelanggaran undang-undang tertulis, melainkan mencakup perbuatan yang:
   * Melanggar hak subjektif orang lain;
   * Bertentangan dengan kewajiban hukum si pelaku;
   * Bertentangan dengan kesusilaan umum (*goede zeden*); atau
   * Bertentangan dengan kepatutan, ketelitian, dan kehati-hatian yang seharusnya dimiliki seseorang dalam pergaulan masyarakat terhadap orang lain atau barang miliknya.
3. **Adanya Kesalahan (*Schuld*)**
   * Pelaku harus memiliki kapasitas pertanggungjawaban hukum.
   * Kesalahan dapat berbentuk kesengajaan (*opzet/dolus*) maupun kelalaian/kealpaan (*culpa/nalatigheid* sebagaimana dipertegas dalam Pasal 1366 KUHPerdata).
   * Kesalahan gugur apabila terdapat alasan pembenar atau pemaaf (misal: keadaan darurat, pembelaan terpaksa, atau *force majeure*).
4. **Adanya Kerugian (*Schade*)**
   * **Kerugian Materiil:** Kerugian nyata yang diderita (*damnum emergens*) dan keuntungan yang diharapkan hilang (*lucrum cessans*).
   * **Kerugian Immaterial (Moril):** Pengurangan kenyamanan hidup, penderitaan batin, ketakutan, atau rusaknya reputasi/kehormatan.
5. **Adanya Hubungan Kausal antara Perbuatan dan Kerugian (*Causaal Verband*)**
   * Harus terdapat hubungan sebab-akibat langsung antara perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan pelaku dengan kerugian yang timbul pada korban.
   * Menggunakan ajaran kausalitas yang relevan, terutama teori *adequat* (akibat yang secara wajar dapat diperkirakan timbul dari perbuatan tersebut).

#### 3. Hubungan Statuter dengan Ketentuan Terkait
* **Pasal 1366 KUHPerdata:** Menegaskan bahwa seseorang bertanggung jawab tidak hanya atas kerugian yang disebabkan perbuatannya dengan sengaja, tetapi juga atas kelalaian atau kekuranghati-hatiannya.
* **Pasal 1367 KUHPerdata:** Mengatur tentang *vicarious liability* (tanggung jawab pengganti atas perbuatan orang lain yang berada di bawah pengawasannya, seperti bawahan/karyawan, anak belum dewasa, atau barang yang berada di bawah penguasaannya).
* **Pembedaan dengan Wanprestasi (Pasal 1243 KUHPerdata):** PMH timbul demi hukum tanpa mensyaratkan adanya hubungan kontraktual sebelumnya, sedangkan wanprestasi didasarkan pada cidera janji atas suatu perikatan yang lahir dari perjanjian.

#### 4. Pedoman Praktis Pembuktian & Kepatuhan Litigasi
* **Beban Pembuktian (*Burden of Proof*):** Berdasarkan Pasal 1865 KUHPerdata dan Pasal 163 *Herziene Inlandsch Reglement* (HIR), asas *actori incumbit probatio* berlaku penuh: barang siapa mendalilkan mempunyai hak atau mendalilkan suatu perbuatan untuk meneguhkan haknya, wajib membuktikan adanya perbuatan dan kerugian tersebut.
* **Kuantifikasi Kerugian:** Penggugat harus merinci secara tegas dalil kerugian dalam posita dan petitum gugatan serta melampirkan alat bukti yang sah (surat, saksi, ahli) guna menghindari gugatan dinyatakan kabur (*obscuur libel*).

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2. PARALLEL STATUTORY ANALYSIS & TRANSLATION (ENGLISH)
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### LEGAL ANALYSIS & STATUTORY PROVISIONS (ENGLISH)

#### 1. Statutory Text of Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata)
> *"Every unlawful act that causes damage to another person obliges the person whose fault caused the damage to compensate for such damage."*

#### 2. Legal Elements of an Unlawful Act (*Tort / Onrechtmatige Daad*)
To establish civil liability pursuant to Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code, a claimant must prove the satisfaction of the following 5 (five) cumulative elements:

1. **Existence of an Act or Omission (*Daad*)**
   * Encompasses positive acts (commission) as well as omissions (failure to act when there is a recognized legal duty to do so).
2. **The Act Must Be Unlawful (*Onrechtmatig*)**
   Under modern jurisprudence and authoritative precedent (rooted in the Dutch *Hoge Raad Landmark Judgment of January 31, 1919*), "unlawfulness" is not construed strictly as a violation of black-letter statutory law, but extends to acts that:
   * Infringe upon the subjective rights of another;
   * Breach the statutory or legal duty of the tortfeasor;
   * Contravene public morality (*goede zeden*); or
   * Violate the standard of care, prudence, and reasonableness expected of a person in societal interactions concerning the person or property of another.
3. **Fault or Culpability (*Schuld*)**
   * The tortfeasor must possess legal capacity to be held liable.
   * Fault may manifest as intent (*dolus*) or negligence/carelessness (*culpa*, as codified in Article 1366 of the Indonesian Civil Code).
   * Fault is vitiated where a valid legal justification or excuse applies (e.g., state of necessity, self-defense, or *force majeure*).
4. **Actual Damage / Loss Incurred (*Schade*)**
   * **Material Damages:** Actual monetary losses sustained (*damnum emergens*) and loss of anticipated legitimate profits (*lucrum cessans*).
   * **Immaterial (Moral) Damages:** Loss of amenity, mental anguish, distress, injury to reputation, or personal indignity.
5. **Causal Relationship Between Act and Damage (*Causaal Verband*)**
   * A direct causal nexus must link the unlawful act directly to the damages suffered.
   * Indonesian courts generally adopt the adequacy theory (*adequate veroorzaking*), where consequences must reasonably and foreseeably flow from the tortious conduct.

#### 3. Statutory Correlation with Associated Provisions
* **Article 1366 of the Indonesian Civil Code:** Explicitly establishes that liability arises not only from deliberate acts, but also from actionable negligence or lack of due diligence.
* **Article 1367 of the Indonesian Civil Code:** Governs vicarious liability, holding parties accountable for unlawful acts committed by individuals under their supervision (e.g., employers for employees, parents for minor children, or custodians for property under their control).
* **Distinction from Breach of Contract (*Wanprestasi* under Article 1243):** An unlawful act (PMH) arises by operation of law independent of any prior contractual relationship, whereas a breach of contract requires an antecedent consensual agreement whose obligations were breached.

#### 4. Practical Litigation & Evidentiary Guidance
* **Burden of Proof:** Pursuant to Article 1865 of the Indonesian Civil Code and Article 163 of the HIR (*Herziene Inlandsch Reglement*), the principle *actori incumbit probatio* applies strictly: the party asserting a right or alleging an unlawful act bears the burden of establishing every element thereof.
* **Quantification of Damages:** The plaintiff must substantiate the exact causal connection and value of the damages claimed within both the *posita* (factual allegations) and the *petitum* (prayers for relief), supported by admissible evidence (documents, witnesses, expert testimony), failing which the claim may be dismissed as vague and defective (*obscuur libel*).

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