================================================================================ hukum.live - STATUTORY LAWS & REGULATIONS LOOKUP ================================================================================ INQUIRY / PERTANYAAN: Pasal 156a KUHP CATEGORY / BIDANG HUKUM: Corporate & Investment TARGET COMPARISON LANGUAGE: English DATE / TANGGAL: 06 November 2026, 17:45 WIB PERMANENT URL: https://hukum.live/laws/lookup/pasal-156a-kuhp/ ================================================================================ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. ANALISIS HUKUM & PASAL TERKAIT (BAHASA INDONESIA) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ### ANALISIS HUKUM & PASAL TERKAIT (BAHASA INDONESIA) #### 1. Teks Statuter dan Dasar Keberlakuan Pasal 156a Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP Lama - UU No. 1 Tahun 1946 jo. UU No. 73 Tahun 1958) disisipkan melalui Pasal 4 Penetapan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 1/PNPS Tahun 1965 tentang Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan dan/atau Penodaan Agama (yang kemudian diundangkan menjadi Undang-Undang melalui UU No. 5 Tahun 1969). **Bunyi Pasal 156a KUHP:** > *"Dipidana dengan pidana penjara selama-lamanya lima tahun barang siapa dengan sengaja di muka umum mengeluarkan perasaan atau melakukan perbuatan:* > *a. yang pada pokoknya bersifat permusuhan, penyalahgunaan atau penodaan terhadap suatu agama yang dianut di Indonesia;* > *b. dengan maksud agar supaya orang tidak menganut agama apa pun juga, yang bersendikan Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa."* --- #### 2. Dekonstruksi Unsur-Unsur Tindak Pidana (*Delictselementen*) Untuk menjatuhkan pidana berdasarkan Pasal 156a KUHP, Penuntut Umum wajib membuktikan terpenuhinya unsur-unsur berikut secara kumulatif: 1. **Unsur Subjektif:** * **Dengan Sengaja (*Opzet*):** Adanya kesadaran dan kehendak (*willens en wetens*) dari pelaku untuk mewujudkan perbuatan tersebut serta mengetahui akibat dari perbuatannya. * **Unsur Maksud Khusus (*Oogmerk* - khusus huruf b):** Adanya tujuan terarah agar orang lain meninggalkan agama dan menjadi ateis/tidak beragama. 2. **Unsur Objektif:** * **Barang Siapa (*Hij/Natuurlijk Persoon*):** Subjek hukum orang perseorangan yang cakap hukum dan dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban pidana. * **Di Muka Umum (*In het openbaar*):** Dilakukan di tempat yang dapat didengar, dilihat, atau diakses oleh publik, termasuk media cetak, siaran, dan media elektronik/internet. * **Mengeluarkan Perasaan atau Melakukan Perbuatan:** Tindakan aktif baik secara verbal (lisan/tulisan) maupun fisik/simbolik. * **Kualifikasi Perbuatan Alternatif (Huruf a):** * *Permusuhan:* Menimbulkan rasa benci atau pertentangan. * *Penyalahgunaan:* Menggunakan ajaran agama menyimpang dari pokok-pokok ajarannya. * *Penodaan:* Merendahkan, menghina, atau menistakan martabat ajaran, kitab suci, nabi/rasul, atau simbol agama yang diakui di Indonesia. * **Objek Perbuatan:** Agama yang dianut di Indonesia (merujuk pada Penjelasan Pasal 1 UU No. 1/PNPS/1965: Islam, Kristen Protestan, Katolik, Hindu, Buddha, Khonghucu, tanpa menutup perlindungan bagi agama lainnya sesuai putusan MK). --- #### 3. Hubungan Prosedural: UU 1/PNPS/1965 dan Pasal 156a KUHP Berdasarkan konstruksi UU No. 1/PNPS/1965: * **Mekanisme Peringatan Administratif (Pasal 2 & Pasal 3 UU 1/PNPS/1965):** Terhadap perbuatan menyimpang yang dilakukan oleh organisasi atau aliran kepercayaan, undang-undang mensyaratkan adanya teguran, peringatan keras melalui Surat Keputusan Bersama (SKB) Menteri Agama, Jaksa Agung, dan Mendagri, atau Keputusan Presiden sebelum penindakan pidana dilakukan. * **Penerapan Pidana Langsung (Pasal 156a KUHP):** Dalam praktik yurisprudensi, jika perbuatan penodaan agama dilakukan oleh individu secara langsung, terang-terangan, dan mengandung penghinaan murni (*blasphemy*), penegak hukum kerap menerapkan Pasal 156a KUHP secara mandiri tanpa mensyaratkan tahapan peringatan formal terlebih dahulu (Putusan MK No. 140/PUU-VII/2009 dan No. 84/PUU-X/2012 mengukuhkan konstitusionalitas norma ini). --- #### 4. Transisi ke UU No. 1 Tahun 2023 (KUHP Baru) Dalam reformasi hukum pidana nasional berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (berlaku efektif per 2 Januari 2026), delik penodaan agama direformulasi ke dalam **Buku Kedua Bab VII: Tindak Pidana Terhadap Agama, Kepercayaan, dan Kehidupan Beragama atau Kepercayaan**: * **Pasal 300 UU 1/2023:** Tindak pidana di muka umum yang melakukan perbuatan yang bersifat permusuhan, menyatakan kebencian atau permusuhan, atau menghasut diskriminasi/kekerasan terhadap agama/kepercayaan (ancaman penjara maks. 3 tahun). * **Pasal 301 UU 1/2023:** Penodaan terhadap ajaran agama, kitab suci, atau benda suci (ancaman penjara maks. 3 tahun). * **Pasal 302 UU 1/2023:** Menghasut seseorang agar tidak beragama atau berpindah agama dengan kekerasan/ancaman (ancaman penjara maks. 2 tahun). --- #### 5. Panduan Kepatuhan & Mitigasi Risiko Hukum * **Ekspresi di Ranah Publik & Digital:** Segala bentuk konten publik, karya seni, publikasi akademis, atau diskursus teologis wajib membedakan antara kritik ilmiah/komparasi teologis dengan penghinaan atau perendahan terhadap doktrin agama (*animus injuriandi*). * **Keterkaitan dengan UU ITE:** Penyebaran materi penodaan agama melalui sarana elektronik dapat dikenakan sangkaan kumulatif dengan Pasal 28 ayat (2) jo. Pasal 45A ayat (2) UU ITE (penyebaran informasi yang menimbulkan rasa kebencian atau permusuhan individu/kelompok masyarakat tertentu berdasarkan SARA). * **Audit Konten Korporasi:** Perusahaan media, platform penyiaran, dan agensi pemasaran wajib menerapkan pedoman penapisan konten (*content screening guidelines*) guna memastikan materi kampanye atau siaran tidak menyinggung simbol, ritus, atau keyakinan keagamaan resmi. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. PARALLEL STATUTORY ANALYSIS & TRANSLATION (ENGLISH) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ### LEGAL ANALYSIS & STATUTORY PROVISIONS (ENGLISH) #### 1. Statutory Text and Governing Authority Article 156a of the Indonesian Criminal Code (*Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana* / KUHP - Law No. 1 of 1946 in conjunction with Law No. 73 of 1958) was inserted via Article 4 of Presidential Edict (*Penetapan Presiden*) No. 1/PNPS/1965 on the Prevention of Misuse and/or Blasphemy of Religion (subsequently promulgated into primary statute via Law No. 5 of 1969). **Text of Article 156a KUHP:** > *"Any person who intentionally in public expresses feelings or commits an act:* > *a. which principally is of a hostile nature, abuses, or desecrates/blasphemes against a religion adhered to in Indonesia;* > *b. with the intent that a person shall not adhere to any religion based on the Belief in the One and Only God;* > *shall be punished by a term of imprisonment of up to five years."* --- #### 2. Statutory Deconstruction of Legal Elements (*Delictselementen*) To secure a criminal conviction under Article 156a of the KUHP, the Public Prosecutor must establish the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 1. **Subjective Elements (*Mens Rea*):** * **Intentionality (*Opzet*):** The perpetrator must act willfully and knowingly (*willens en wetens*) to execute the conduct, conscious of its natural consequences. * **Specific Purpose (*Oogmerk* - specific to letter b):** A deliberate design or aim to induce another person to abandon religion and adopt atheism/non-belief. 2. **Objective Elements (*Actus Reus*):** * **Any Person (*Barang Siapa*):** A natural person possessing legal capacity and capable of being held criminally liable. * **In Public (*Di Muka Umum*):** Conducted in a venue or medium that can be heard, observed, or accessed by the public, including print media, broadcasts, and digital/internet platforms. * **Expressing Feelings or Committing Acts:** Active manifestation, whether verbal (oral/written), behavioral, or symbolic. * **Alternative Substantive Qualifications (Letter a):** * *Hostility:* Inciting hatred, antagonism, or animosity. * *Abuse/Misuse:* Distorting religious tenets in deviance from their core doctrine. * *Desecration/Blasphemy:* Demeaning, mocking, reviling, or defiling religious teachings, holy scriptures, prophets, or sanctified symbols of a recognized religion. * **Protected Legal Subject:** Religions adhered to in Indonesia (referencing the Elucidation of Article 1 Law 1/PNPS/1965: Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism, without precluding protection for other religions as affirmed by Constitutional Court rulings). --- #### 3. Procedural Framework: Law 1/PNPS/1965 vs. Article 156a KUHP Pursuant to the legislative architecture of Law No. 1/PNPS/1965: * **Administrative Warning Prerequisite (Articles 2 & 3 of Law 1/PNPS/1965):** In cases involving deviant doctrines propagated by organizations or belief movements, the statute prescribes administrative reprimands via a Joint Ministerial Decree (SKB) issued by the Minister of Religious Affairs, Attorney General, and Minister of Home Affairs, or a Presidential Decree prior to invoking criminal sanctions. * **Direct Criminal Prosecution (Article 156a KUHP):** In prevailing judicial jurisprudence, where individual acts constitute explicit, direct blasphemy, revilement, or direct defamation of religion (*animus injuriandi*), law enforcement authorities frequently apply Article 156a independently without requiring exhaustion of prior formal administrative warning stages (affirmed by Constitutional Court Decisions No. 140/PUU-VII/2009 and No. 84/PUU-X/2012). --- #### 4. Legislative Transition to Law No. 1 of 2023 (The New Criminal Code) Under the overarching penal reform codified in Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code (effective January 2, 2026), offenses against religion have been restructured under **Book Two, Chapter VII: Crimes Against Religion, Beliefs, and Religious or Faith Life**: * **Article 300 of Law 1/2023:** Public acts manifesting hostility, expressing hatred, or inciting discrimination/violence against religion or belief systems (punishable by up to 3 years' imprisonment). * **Article 301 of Law 1/2023:** Defamation/blasphemy directed against religious teachings, sacred scriptures, or ritual objects (punishable by up to 3 years' imprisonment). * **Article 302 of Law 1/2023:** Inciting an individual to apostatize or convert through violence or threat of violence (punishable by up to 2 years' imprisonment). --- #### 5. Compliance Guidance & Legal Risk Mitigation * **Public & Digital Discourse:** Academic critiques, theological analyses, or public artistic expressions must remain distinct from malicious disparagement or vilification of protected religious doctrines (*animus injuriandi*). * **Cumulative Exposure under the ITE Law:** Transmitting blasphemous or religiously inflammatory content via digital infrastructure exposes perpetrators to cumulative prosecution under Article 28(2) in conjunction with Article 45A(2) of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), concerning hate speech based on ethnicity, religion, race, or societal groups (SARA). * **Corporate Risk Controls:** Media enterprises, broadcasting entities, and advertising agencies must establish robust editorial gatekeeping and compliance screening protocols to prevent public dissemination of material that could be construed as demeaning protected religious practices, symbols, or texts. ================================================================================ Disclaimer: Generated by hukum.live for educational and statutory guidance purposes. ================================================================================