Hukum Korporasi, Investasi & M&A
Komparasi: Bahasa Indonesia & English
05 Nov 2026, 07:12 WIB
UU No. 40 Tahun 2007 Perseroan Terbatas
Bahasa Komparasi:
English
URL Langsung:
https://hukum.live/laws/lookup/uu-no-40-tahun-2007-perseroan-terbatas-2/
Analisis Komparasi Berdampingan
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Bahasa Indonesia (Hukum Nasional)
Rujukan Pasal & Analisis Yuridis Resmi
### ANALISIS HUKUM & PASAL TERKAIT (BAHASA INDONESIA)
#### I. Kerangka Dasar dan Definisi Statuter
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas (""), sebagaimana diubah sebagian oleh tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti tentang Cipta Kerja Menjadi Undang-Undang (""), merupakan rezim hukum utama yang mengatur badan usaha berbadan hukum di Indonesia.
* **Definisi Perseroan Terbatas ( angka 1 ):**
Perseroan Terbatas ("Perseroan") adalah badan hukum yang merupakan persekutuan modal, didirikan berdasarkan perjanjian, melakukan kegiatan usaha dengan modal dasar yang seluruhnya terbagi dalam saham dan memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan dalam Undang-Undang ini serta peraturan pelaksanaannya.
* **Asas Pertanggungjawaban Terbatas (*Limited Liability*) ( ):**
Pemegang saham tidak bertanggung jawab secara pribadi atas perikatan yang dibuat atas nama Perseroan dan tidak bertanggung jawab atas kerugian Perseroan melebihi saham yang dimiliki.
* **Pengecualian / Penembusan Cadar Perusahaan (*Piercing the Corporate Veil*) ( ):**
Tanggung jawab terbatas gugur apabila:
1. Persyaratan Perseroan sebagai badan hukum belum atau tidak terpenuhi;
2. Pemegang saham yang bersangkutan, baik langsung maupun tidak langsung, dengan itikad buruk memanfaatkan Perseroan semata-mata untuk kepentingan pribadi;
3. Pemegang saham terlibat dalam perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan oleh Perseroan; atau
4. Pemegang saham menggunakan kekayaan Perseroan secara melawan hukum, yang mengakibatkan kekayaan Perseroan tidak cukup untuk melunasi utang Perseroan.
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#### II. Pendirian dan Permodalan
* **Syarat Pendirian ( jo. ):**
* Perseroan didirikan oleh 2 (dua) orang atau lebih dengan akta notaris yang dibuat dalam bahasa Indonesia.
* Setiap pendiri wajib mengambil bagian saham pada saat Perseroan didirikan.
* Perseroan memperoleh status badan hukum setelah didaftarkan kepada Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia ("Menkumham") dan diterbitkan surat keputusan pengesahan ().
* *Catatan :* Diberikan pengecualian bagi Perseroan Perorangan yang memenuhi kriteria Usaha Mikro dan Kecil (UMK), yang dapat didirikan oleh 1 (satu) orang berdasarkan pernyataan pendirian ( ).
* **Ketentuan Modal ( - 33 jo. ):**
* Modal Perseroan terdiri atas: Modal Dasar (*Authorized Capital*), Modal Ditempatkan (*Issued Capital*), dan Modal Disetor (*Paid-up Capital*).
* Besaran modal dasar ditentukan berdasarkan kesepakatan para pendiri (pasca-amandemen ; sebelumnya menetapkan minimal Rp50.000.000,-).
* Minimal 25% (dua puluh lima persen) dari modal dasar harus telah ditempatkan dan disetor penuh ().
* Penyetoran modal saham dapat berupa uang dan/atau bentuk lainnya yang dinilai secara wajar berdasarkan harga pasar atau ahli independen ().
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#### III. Struktur Organ Perseroan
Perseroan menganut sistem kepengurusan dua tingkat (*two-tier board system*):
1. **Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham ("RUPS") ( - 91 ):**
* Organ Perseroan yang memegang wewenang yang tidak diserahkan kepada Direksi atau Dewan Komisaris dalam batas yang ditentukan oleh undang-undang dan/atau anggaran dasar.
* RUPS Tahunan wajib diselenggarakan dalam jangka waktu paling lambat 6 (enam) bulan setelah tahun buku berakhir ().
* Kuorum kehadiran dan pengambilan keputusan diatur dalam - 89.
2. **Direksi ( - 107 ):**
* Organ yang berwenang dan bertanggung jawab penuh atas pengurusan Perseroan untuk kepentingan Perseroan sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan Perseroan serta mewakili Perseroan, baik di dalam maupun di luar pengadilan (*fiduciary duty*).
* **Tanggung Jawab Pribadi Direksi ():** Setiap anggota Direksi bertanggung jawab penuh secara pribadi atas kerugian Perseroan apabila yang bersangkutan bersalah atau lalai menjalankan tugasnya.
* Direksi dibebaskan dari tanggung jawab pribadi (*Business Judgment Rule*) apabila dapat membuktikan kerugian bukan karena kesalahan/kelalaiannya, telah melakukan pengurusan dengan itikad baik dan kehati-hatian, tidak ada benturan kepentingan, dan telah mengambil tindakan pencegahan timbulnya kerugian ().
3. **Dewan Komisaris ( - 121 ):**
* Organ yang bertugas melakukan pengawasan secara umum dan/atau khusus sesuai dengan anggaran dasar serta memberi nasihat kepada Direksi.
* Memiliki kewajiban pengawasan dengan itikad baik, kehati-hatian, dan bertanggung jawab penuh secara pribadi jika bersalah atau lalai dalam kewajiban pengawasannya ().
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#### IV. Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan (TJSL / CSR)
Berdasarkan ** **, Perseroan yang menjalankan kegiatan usahanya di bidang dan/atau berkaitan dengan sumber daya alam wajib melaksanakan Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan. Kewajiban ini dianggarkan dan diperhitungkan sebagai biaya Perseroan yang pelaksanaannya dilakukan dengan memperhatikan kepatutan dan kewajaran.
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#### V. Tindakan Korporasi, Pembubaran, dan Likuidasi
* **Restrukturisasi ( - 137 ):**
Mengatur tata cara Penggabungan (*Merger*), Peleburan (*Consolidation*), Pengambilalihan (*Acquisition*), dan Pemisahan (*Spin-off*), yang mewajibkan perlindungan hak pemegang saham minoritas, kreditor, dan karyawan serta pencegahan monopoli.
* **Pembubaran dan Likuidasi ( ):**
Perseroan bubar karena:
1. Keputusan RUPS;
2. Berakhirnya jangka waktu berdirinya yang ditetapkan dalam anggaran dasar;
3. Penetapan pengadilan;
4. Pencabutan kepailitan berdasarkan putusan pengadilan niaga yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap;
5. Keadaan pailit harta pailit Perseroan tidak cukup membayar biaya kepailitan; atau
6. Dicabutnya izin usaha Perseroan.
Pembubaran wajib diikuti dengan proses likuidasi oleh likuidator atau kurator ().
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#### VI. Panduan Kepatuhan Praktis
1. **Penyusunan Anggaran Dasar:** Pastikan klausul maksud dan tujuan sesuai dengan Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia (KBLI) yang berlaku di sistem OSS-RBA.
2. **Kepatuhan RUPS Tahunan:** Laksanakan RUPS tahunan tepat waktu untuk menyetujui Laporan Tahunan, Laporan Keuangan, dan memberikan *acquit et decharge* (pelepasan tanggung jawab) kepada Direksi dan Dewan Komisaris.
3. **Penyimpanan Dokumen:** Wajib memelihara Daftar Pemegang Saham, Daftar Khusus, risalah RUPS, dan laporan keuangan selama minimal 10 tahun ( dan UU Dokumen Perusahaan).
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English Legal Analysis & Statutory Codification
Parallel Comparative Translation & Compliance Notes
### LEGAL ANALYSIS & STATUTORY PROVISIONS (ENGLISH)
#### I. Basic Framework and Statutory Definitions
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies ("Company Law"), as partially amended by Law Number 6 of 2023 on the Enactment of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation into Law ("Job Creation Law"), serves as the primary legal regime governing incorporated business entities in Indonesia.
* **Definition of a Limited Liability Company ( point 1 Company Law):**
A Limited Liability Company ("Company") is a legal entity established as a capital partnership, created pursuant to an agreement, conducting business activities with an authorized capital entirely divided into shares, and fulfilling the requirements set forth in this Law and its implementing regulations.
* **Principle of Limited Liability ( Company Law):**
Shareholders are not personally liable for agreements entered into on behalf of the Company and are not liable for Company losses in excess of the value of their shareholdings.
* **Exceptions / Piercing the Corporate Veil ( Company Law):**
Limited liability is forfeit if:
1. The requirements for the Company to exist as a legal entity have not been or are not fulfilled;
2. The shareholder concerned, either directly or indirectly, utilizes the Company in bad faith solely for personal interests;
3. The shareholder is implicated in an unlawful act committed by the Company; or
4. The shareholder unlawfully uses the assets of the Company, resulting in the Company's assets becoming insufficient to settle its liabilities.
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#### II. Establishment and Capital Requirements
* **Establishment Requirements ( Company Law in conjunction with Job Creation Law):**
* The Company must be incorporated by 2 (two) or more persons by virtue of a notarial deed drawn up in the Indonesian language.
* Each founder is obligated to subscribe to shares upon the establishment of the Company.
* The Company obtains legal entity status upon registration with the Minister of Law and Human Rights ("MoLHR") and the issuance of a decree of approval ().
* *Job Creation Law Note:* An exception applies to Sole Proprietorship Companies (*Perseroan Perorangan*) categorized as Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs), which may be incorporated by 1 (one) person via an establishment statement ( Job Creation Law).
* **Capital Provisions (Articles 31 - 33 Company Law in conjunction with Government Regulation 8/2021):**
* Company capital consists of: Authorized Capital (*Modal Dasar*), Issued Capital (*Modal Ditempatkan*), and Paid-up Capital (*Modal Disetor*).
* The amount of authorized capital is determined based on the agreement of the founders (post-Job Creation Law amendment; previously mandated a minimum of IDR 50,000,000).
* A minimum of 25% (twenty-five percent) of the authorized capital must be issued and fully paid up ().
* Capital contributions may be made in cash and/or in other forms valued reasonably based on market rates or by an independent appraiser ().
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#### III. Corporate Governance Structure
Indonesian Company Law adopts a strict two-tier board system:
1. **General Meeting of Shareholders ("GMS") (Articles 75 - 91 Company Law):**
* The corporate organ holding authorities not delegated to the Board of Directors or the Board of Commissioners within the limits stipulated by law and/or the articles of association.
* An Annual GMS must be convened no later than 6 (six) months following the close of the financial year ().
* Attendance and voting quorums are governed under Articles 86 - 89.
2. **Board of Directors ("BOD") (Articles 92 - 107 Company Law):**
* The organ fully authorized and responsible for the management of the Company for the Company's interests in accordance with its purposes and objectives, and representing the Company both inside and outside the court (*fiduciary duty*).
* **Personal Liability of Directors ():** Each member of the BOD is fully personally liable for the losses of the Company if the relevant member is guilty or negligent in performing their duties.
* Directors are exempt from personal liability (*Business Judgment Rule*) if they can prove that the losses were not caused by their fault or negligence, management was conducted in good faith and prudence, no conflict of interest existed, and appropriate measures were taken to prevent such losses ().
3. **Board of Commissioners ("BOC") (Articles 108 - 121 Company Law):**
* The organ tasked with general and/or specific supervision in accordance with the articles of association and providing advice to the Board of Directors.
* Bound by the duty to supervise in good faith, with prudence, and with full personal liability if found at fault or negligent in discharging supervisory duties ().
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#### IV. Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility ("CSER")
Pursuant to ****, Companies conducting business activities in the field of and/or related to natural resources are mandatory required to perform Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility. This obligation must be budgeted and calculated as a Company operational cost, executed with due regard to decency and fairness.
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#### V. Corporate Actions, Dissolution, and Liquidation
* **Corporate Restructuring (Articles 122 - 137 Company Law):**
Governs the procedural mechanisms for Mergers, Consolidations, Acquisitions, and Spin-offs, mandating protection for minority shareholders, creditors, and employees, while preventing unfair business monopolies.
* **Dissolution and Liquidation ( Company Law):**
A Company is dissolved due to:
1. A resolution of the GMS;
2. Expiration of the duration of establishment stipulated in the articles of association;
3. A court order/decree;
4. Revocation of bankruptcy by a final and binding commercial court ruling;
5. The insolvency of the bankrupt estate being insufficient to pay bankruptcy costs; or
6. The revocation of the Companyโs business license.
Dissolution must be followed by a formal liquidation process conducted by a liquidator or bankruptcy trustee ().
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#### VI. Practical Compliance Guidance
1. **Articles of Association Drafting:** Ensure the corporate purpose and objectives align with the applicable standard industrial classification code (KBLI) registered on the Online Single Submission (OSS-RBA) platform.
2. **Annual GMS Compliance:** Convene the Annual GMS within statutory deadlines to approve the Annual Report, ratify Financial Statements, and grant *acquit et decharge* (release and discharge of liability) to the BOD and BOC.
3. **Statutory Books Maintenance:** Maintain the Register of Shareholders, Special Register, GMS minutes, and financial records for a statutory minimum retention period of 10 years ( and Company Documents Law).