公司法、投资与并购
Comparison: Bahasa Indonesia & English
05 Nov 2026, 07:00 WIB
UU No. 40 Tahun 2007 Perseroan Terbatas
Comparison Language:
English
Direct URL:
https://hukum.live/laws/lookup/uu-no-40-tahun-2007-perseroan-terbatas/
Parallel Side-by-Side Analysis
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Bahasa Indonesia (Hukum Nasional)
Rujukan Pasal & Analisis Yuridis Resmi
### ANALISIS HUKUM & PASAL TERKAIT (BAHASA INDONESIA)
#### 1. Dasar Hukum dan Kerangka Regulasi
tentang Perseroan Terbatas ("****") merupakan *lex generalis* yang mengatur seluruh siklus hidup, tata kelola, dan perbuatan hukum badan usaha berbentuk perseroan terbatas di Republik Indonesia. Ketentuan ini telah mengalami harmonisasi dan perubahan sebagian melalui tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti tentang Cipta Kerja Menjadi Undang-Undang ("****") serta peraturan pelaksananya, khususnya tentang Modal Dasar Perseroan serta Pendaftaran Pendirian, Perubahan, dan Pembubaran Perseroan yang Memenuhi Kriteria Untuk Usaha Mikro dan Kecil.
#### 2. Definisi, Status Badan Hukum, dan Pendirian
* **Definisi ( angka 1 ):** Perseroan Terbatas adalah badan hukum yang merupakan persekutuan modal, didirikan berdasarkan perjanjian, melakukan kegiatan usaha dengan modal dasar yang seluruhnya terbagi dalam saham dan memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan dalam serta peraturan pelaksanaannya.
* **Syarat Pendirian (, (4), dan (6) ):**
* Didirikan oleh 2 (dua) orang atau lebih dengan akta notaris yang dibuat dalam bahasa Indonesia.
* Setiap pendiri wajib mengambil bagian saham pada saat Perseroan didirikan.
* Perseroan memperoleh status badan hukum setelah diterbitkannya Keputusan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia ("**Menkumham**") mengenai pengesahan badan hukum Perseroan.
* **Pengecualian Pasca- ():** Entitas yang memenuhi kriteria Usaha Mikro dan Kecil (UMK) dapat didirikan oleh 1 (satu) orang sebagai pendiri dan pemegang saham ("Perseroan Perorangan") melalui Surat Pernyataan Pendirian tanpa memerlukan akta notaris.
#### 3. Tanggung Jawab Terbatas dan Penembusan Cadar Perseroan (*Piercing the Corporate Veil*)
* **Prinsip Tanggung Jawab Terbatas ( ):** Pemegang saham tidak bertanggung jawab secara pribadi atas perikatan yang dibuat atas nama Perseroan dan tidak bertanggung jawab atas kerugian Perseroan melebihi saham yang dimiliki.
* **Pengecualian / Penembusan Cadar Perseroan ( ):** Tanggung jawab terbatas gugur dan pemegang saham bertanggung jawab renteng secara pribadi apabila:
1. Persyaratan Perseroan sebagai badan hukum belum atau tidak terpenuhi;
2. Pemegang saham yang bersangkutan baik langsung maupun tidak langsung dengan iktikad buruk memanfaatkan Perseroan semata-mata untuk kepentingan pribadi;
3. Pemegang saham terlibat dalam perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan oleh Perseroan; atau
4. Pemegang saham, baik langsung maupun tidak langsung, secara melawan hukum menggunakan kekayaan Perseroan, yang mengakibatkan kekayaan Perseroan menjadi tidak cukup untuk melunasi utang Perseroan.
#### 4. Struktur Permodalan dan Saham
* **Modal Dasar ( dan 32 jo. ):**
* Besaran modal dasar Perseroan ditentukan berdasarkan kesepakatan para pendiri perseroan (ambang batas minimum Rp 50.000.000,- telah dicabut oleh , kecuali diatur lain oleh peraturan perundang-undangan sektoral tertentu seperti perbankan, asuransi, dan *fintech*).
* **Modal Ditempatkan dan Disetor Penuh ( ):**
* Paling sedikit 25% (dua puluh lima persen) dari modal dasar harus ditempatkan dan disetor penuh.
* Penyetoran atas modal saham harus dibuktikan dengan bukti penyetoran yang sah (rekening bank atau bentuk aset berwujud/tidak berwujud yang dinilai wajar oleh penilai independen berdasarkan ).
#### 5. Organ Perseroan: Wewenang dan Tanggung Jawab
Struktur tata kelola perseroan menganut sistem dua dewan (*two-tier board system*):
1. **Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (RUPS) ( s/d 91 ):**
* Merupakan organ Perseroan yang memegang kekuasaan tertinggi yang tidak diserahkan kepada Direksi atau Dewan Komisaris dalam batas yang ditentukan atau Anggaran Dasar (AD).
* Berwenang mengangkat/memberhentikan Direksi dan Dewan Komisaris, menyetujui perubahan AD, memutuskan penggabungan, peleburan, pengambilalihan, atau pembubaran, serta mengesahkan Laporan Tahunan.
2. **Direksi ( s/d 107 ):**
* Organ yang berwenang dan bertanggung jawab penuh atas pengurusan Perseroan untuk kepentingan Perseroan sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan Perseroan serta mewakili Perseroan di dalam dan di luar pengadilan.
* *Fiduciary Duty & Duty of Care* ( ): Direksi wajib menjalankan pengurusan dengan iktikad baik dan penuh tanggung jawab. Setiap anggota Direksi bertanggung jawab penuh secara pribadi atas kerugian Perseroan apabila bersalah atau lalai menjalankan tugasnya (*ultra vires*).
* *Business Judgment Rule* ( ): Direksi terbebas dari tanggung jawab kerugian jika membuktikan kerugian bukan karena kesalahan/kelalaiannya, telah melakukan pengurusan dengan iktikad baik dan kehati-hatian, tidak ada benturan kepentingan, dan telah mengambil tindakan pencegahan kerugian.
3. **Dewan Komisaris ( s/d 121 ):**
* Organ yang bertugas melakukan pengawasan secara umum dan/atau khusus sesuai dengan AD serta memberi nasihat kepada Direksi.
* menetapkan bahwa Dewan Komisaris bertanggung jawab secara pribadi atas kerugian Perseroan jika lalai dalam menjalankan fungsi pengawasannya dengan iktikad baik dan kehati-hatian.
#### 6. Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan (TJSL/CSR)
* **Kewajiban TJSL ( ):** Perseroan yang menjalankan kegiatan usahanya di bidang dan/atau berkaitan dengan sumber daya alam wajib melaksanakan Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan. Biaya dialokasikan sebagai biaya operasional perseroan; kegagalan melaksanakannya berimplikasi pada sanksi administratif dan perdata sesuai peraturan terkait.
#### 7. Pedoman Kepatuhan Praktis
* **Rapat Berkala & Pelaporan:** Wajib menyelenggarakan RUPS Tahunan paling lambat 6 (enam) bulan setelah tahun buku berakhir ( ) dan menyusun Laporan Tahunan yang ditandatangani oleh seluruh anggota Direksi dan Dewan Komisaris ( dan 67 ).
* **Perubahan Anggaran Dasar:** Perubahan nama, tempat kedudukan, jangka waktu, maksud dan tujuan, modal dasar, atau pengurangan modal wajib memperoleh persetujuan Menkumham. Perubahan selain hal tersebut cukup diberitahukan kepada Menkumham ( ).
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English Legal Analysis & Statutory Codification
Parallel Comparative Translation & Compliance Notes
### LEGAL ANALYSIS & STATUTORY PROVISIONS (ENGLISH)
#### 1. Legal Basis and Regulatory Framework
Law Number 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies ("**Company Law**") serves as the *lex generalis* governing the entire life cycle, corporate governance, and legal actions of limited liability companies (*Perseroan Terbatas* or "PT") in the Republic of Indonesia. This framework has undergone substantial harmonization and amendments via Law Number 6 of 2023 on the Enactment of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation into Law ("**Job Creation Law**") and its implementing regulations, particularly Government Regulation Number 8 of 2021 regarding Authorized Capital of Companies and the Registration of Establishment, Amendments, and Dissolution of Companies Fulfilling Criteria for Micro and Small Enterprises.
#### 2. Legal Definition, Corporate Status, and Incorporation
* **Definition ( point 1 Company Law):** A Limited Liability Company is a legal entity established as a capital partnership, created pursuant to an agreement, conducting business activities with an authorized capital divided entirely into shares, and fulfilling the requirements set forth in the Company Law and its implementing regulations.
* **Incorporation Requirements ( paragraphs (1), (4), and (6) Company Law):**
* Must be incorporated by 2 (two) or more persons/entities by virtue of a notarial deed executed in the Indonesian language.
* Each founder must subscribe to shares upon incorporation.
* The company obtains its separate legal entity status (*status badan hukum*) on the date of issuance of the Ministerial Decree by the Minister of Law and Human Rights ("**MoLHR**") ratifying the incorporation.
* **Post-Job Creation Law Exception ( Company Law in conjunction with Law 6/2023):** Entities classified as Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) may be incorporated by 1 (one) single individual as sole founder and shareholder ("Sole Proprietorship Company" / *Perseroan Perorangan*) via an Electronic Statement of Establishment without requiring a notarial deed.
#### 3. Limited Liability Principle and Piercing the Corporate Veil
* **Limited Liability Doctrine ( Company Law):** Shareholders are not personally liable for obligations executed on behalf of the Company and are not liable for the Company's losses beyond the value of their subscribed shares.
* **Exceptions / Piercing the Corporate Veil ( Company Law):** Limited liability is forfeited, and shareholders become jointly and severally liable for all corporate obligations if:
1. The legal requirements of the Company as a legal entity have not been or are not fulfilled;
2. The shareholder concerned, either directly or indirectly in bad faith, exploits the Company solely for personal interests;
3. The shareholder is involved in an unlawful act committed by the Company; or
4. The shareholder, directly or indirectly, unlawfully utilizes corporate assets, resulting in the Company's assets becoming insufficient to settle its outstanding liabilities.
#### 4. Capital Structure and Shares
* **Authorized Capital (Articles 31 and 32 Company Law in conjunction with the Job Creation Law):**
* The amount of authorized capital is determined based on the agreement of the founders (the statutory baseline minimum of IDR 50,000,000 was revoked by the Job Creation Law, subject to specific sector-specific statutory thresholds such as banking, insurance, and fintech).
* **Issued and Paid-Up Capital ( Company Law):**
* A minimum of 25% (twenty-five percent) of the authorized capital must be issued and fully paid up.
* Capital injection must be evidenced by legitimate proof of payment (direct bank deposit receipt or non-cash consideration evaluated by an independent professional appraisal pursuant to ).
#### 5. Corporate Organs: Powers, Fiduciary Duties, and Liabilities
Indonesian company law adheres to a mandatory two-tier board governance system:
1. **General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS / *RUPS*) (Articles 75 to 91 Company Law):**
* The organ holding supreme authority within the Company not delegated to the Board of Directors or the Board of Commissioners within the limits set out in the Company Law or the Articles of Association (AoA).
* Competent to appoint/dismiss Directors and Commissioners, approve AoA amendments, resolve on mergers, consolidations, acquisitions, or liquidations, and ratify the Annual Report.
2. **Board of Directors (BoD / *Direksi*) (Articles 92 to 107 Company Law):**
* The executive organ authorized and fully responsible for managing the Company in the Company's interest in line with its purpose and objectives, and representing the Company both inside and outside the courts.
* *Fiduciary Duty & Duty of Care* ( Company Law): Directors must carry out managerial duties in good faith and with full responsibility. Each Director is personally liable for corporate losses resulting from their fault or negligence (*ultra vires* acts).
* *Business Judgment Rule* ( Company Law): A Director is shielded from personal liability if they substantiate that: the loss was not attributable to their fault/gross negligence; they acted in good faith, with prudence, and with no direct or indirect conflict of interest; and proper preventive action was implemented.
3. **Board of Commissioners (BoC / *Dewan Komisaris*) (Articles 108 to 121 Company Law):**
* The supervisory organ tasked with overseeing general and/or specific managerial policies executed by the BoD and providing counsel to the BoD.
* Under , Commissioners are personally and jointly liable for corporate losses caused by negligence in performing their supervisory duties in good faith and with reasonable prudence.
#### 6. Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility (CSER / *TJSL*)
* **Mandatory CSER ( Company Law):** Companies conducting business activities in the field of and/or related to natural resources are statutorily required to carry out Social and Environmental Responsibility. Budgeted as operational expenses, non-compliance subjects the company to administrative and civil sanctions under prevailing sectoral environmental regulations.
#### 7. Practical Corporate Compliance Guidelines
* **Periodic Meetings & Statutory Filings:** The Company must hold an Annual GMS no later than 6 (six) months following the end of each financial year ( Company Law) and draft an Annual Report executed by all members of the BoD and BoC (Articles 66 and 67 Company Law).
* **Amendments to Articles of Association:** Amendments concerning company name, domicile, corporate purpose/business lines, operational period, authorized capital, or capital reductions require prior approval from the MoLHR. Other operational changes require only statutory notification to the MoLHR ( Company Law).